Mars landing and probes :: essays research papers

Mars (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. (An interesting side note: the Roman god Mars was a god of agriculture before becoming associated with the Greek Ares; those in favor of colonizing and terraforming Mars may prefer this symbolism.) The name of the month March derives from Mars. Mars has been known since prehistoric times. It is still a favorite of science fiction writers as the most favorable place in the Solar System (other than Earth!) for human habitation. But the famous "canals" "seen" by Lowell and others were, unfortunately, just as imaginary as Barsoomian princesses. The first spacecraft to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965. Several others followed including Mars 2, the first spacecraft to land on Mars and the two Viking landers in 1976 (left). Ending a long 20 year hiatus, Mars Pathfinder landed successfully on Mars on 1997 July 4 (right). In 2004 the Mars Expedition Rovers "Spirit" and "Opportunity" landed on Mars sending back geologic data and many pictures. Mars' orbit is significantly elliptical. One result of this is a temperature variation of about 30 C at the subsolar point between aphelion and perihelion. This has a major influence on Mars' climate. While the average temperature on Mars is about 218 K (-55 C, -67 F), Martian surface temperatures range widely from as little as 140 K (-133 C, -207 F) at the winter pole to almost 300 K (27 C, 80 F) on the day side during summer. Though Mars is much smaller than Earth, its surface area is about the same as the land surface area of Earth. Except for Earth, Mars has the most highly varied and interesting terrain of any of the terrestrial planets, some of it quite spectacular: Olympus Mons: the largest mountain in the Solar System rising 24 km (78,000 ft.) above the surrounding plain. Its base is more than 500 km in diameter and is rimmed by a cliff 6 km (20,000 ft) high (right). Tharsis: a huge bulge on the Martian surface that is about 4000 km across and 10 km high. Valles Marineris: a system of canyons 4000 km long and from 2 to 7 km deep (top of page); Hellas Planitia: an impact crater in the southern hemisphere over 6 km deep and 2000 km in diameter.

Mystic Monk Coffee Case Analysis Essay

Mystic Monk Coffee is a company established by Father Daniel Mary, the Prior of the Carmelite Order of monks in Clark, Wyoming. The monks are a group of 13 living in a small home. Coffee sales are used to support the brotherhood and to eventually prepare for expansion of the order. Coffee is produced using high quality fair trade Arabica and fair trade/organic Arabica beans. There are many popular flavors such as Mystical Chants of Carmel, Cowboy Blend, Royal Rum Pecan, and Mystic Monk Blend. The company’s traditional target market has been the segment of the U.S. Catholic population who drinks coffee and supports the monastery’s mission. Industry Analysis The approximate number of coffee consumers in the United Stated is 150 million and 89 percent of those drinkers prefer to make coffee at home rather than purchase from franchises. Of the consumers who drink coffee at home, approximately 30 percent prefer premium specialty coffees that sell for $7 to $10 per 12-ounce package. These coffees are made from high quality Arabica beans rather that low quality, bitter Arabica beans. Mystic Monk Coffee is among the distributors that produces a higher quality product. Company Mission The current mission is to produce a high quality product that is marketed to the segment of the U.S. catholic population who drink coffee and wish to support the monastery’s mission. The monks make their appeal by asking the Catholics to use their Catholic coffee dollar for â€Å"Christ and his Catholic church.† This is published on the website. Company Objective Mystic Monk Coffee has a primary goal of transforming the small brotherhood of 13 monks lining in the small home to include accommodations for 30 monks. There is a property in the Rockies with an asking price of $8.9 million. The monks currently have a donation of $250,000 and a plan to raise the remainder of the funds. There are currently more than 500 inquiries who want to be considered to become a Wyoming Carmelite and Father Prior Daniel Mary wished to accept a select few when he is able to expand. Company Strategy The company primarily uses word of mouth as a means of sales and increase of revenue. Sales are generated primarily from online orders. Mystic Monk also offers non-secular websites commissions on sales made to customers directed to the website. The website and its affiliates help the company to earn a net profit margin average 11 percent of revenues. SWOT Strengths: * The price is reasonable. The average premium brand coffee is sold for $7 to $10 dollars per 12 ounce package. Mystic Monk Coffee averages $9.95 per 12 ounce bag and all purchases over $25 qualifies for free shipping. * The monks are dedicated to making the coffee. Everyone at the company has the same goal and this is to further the revenue of the company in hopes of expanding to better serve God. Weaknesses: * The Carmelite Order currently has the production capacity of 540 pounds per day and the demand will soon exceed the production capacity. The production is also limited due to prayer and meditation throughout the day. * Advertisement is primarily by word of mouth. There are consumers who would try the coffee because it is of high quality and good price but do not know about it. Opportunity: * Through the sale of its coffee, the Carmelite Monks may realize their dream of purchasing the Irma Lake Ranch. * Donations made by individual supporters will help to fund the purchase of the land. * Expansion of the brotherhood through the purchase of a larger parcel of land. Threat: * Some people may not purchase the coffee because of the religious affiliation. * The price of the coffee may increase after the purchase of new land. *FINANCIALS NOT AVAILABLE Problem Scope The Carmelite Monks of Wyoming would like to purchase a ranch that would greatly increase its operations. The order currently has 13 monks working to produce coffee for sale and has a production capacity of 540 pounds per day. The company is sustainable because the monks have a specific goal in mind and all are on the same page when trying to reach the goal of the purchase. I selected this problem because although the company makes great sales, sales will not be enough to purchase the land. The company does not effectively advertise itself and will need to improve advertisement to increase sales. Problem: The mission of the company is tied to the vision of the company. Father Daniel Mary realizes that the monastery environment is a unique challenge to the business because of the limited hours of production and also the limited access to the outside world. Although the monks are highly secluded, they manage to sell their coffee although it is mainly sold to Catholic believers. Solution: Mystic Monk Coffee can begin to be offered in small shops in the United States. I would not recommend supermarkets at this time because of the limitations of production. As sales increase, revenue generated from increased sales will help with the purchase of new property and the coffee can then be offered in a limited amount of supermarkets. With the purchase of new land, there will also be an increase in labor and production with the addition of new monks to the order. Problem: Mystic Monk Coffee has a target market of the U.S. Catholic population who drank coffee and wished to support the monastery’s mission. Solution: Mystic Monk Coffee should expand its target market. It can do this by targeting not only Catholics but all coffee drinkers in the U.S. who value price and quality. Most people enjoy a good cup of inexpensive coffee. The emphasis should not be on the support of the monastery’s mission but should focus on great coffee for a reasonable price. By doing this, the Monks would increase sales and eventually be able to purchase a larger property. Challenges: The monks may feel they are compromising their beliefs by focusing more on the coffee than their stated religious mission. If the monks focus on the fact that they are running a company that will eventually generate the sales needed to further their mission, this may ease the feelings. The monks may also want to increase their order by two to increase production and earn more money. Summary Although Mystic Monk Coffee has a unique set of variables, they will be successful in increasing sales and purchasing the land.

Individual Education Plans and Behavior Goals

Managing difficult behavior is one of the challenges that makes or breaks effective instruction. Early Intervention If a childs behavior impacts his or her ability to perform academically, it requires a Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and modify behavior informally, before you go to the lengths of an FBA and BIP. Avoid accusing parents or whining about behavior: if you gain the cooperation of parents early on you can avoid another IEP team meeting. Behavior Goal Guidelines Once you have established that you will need an FBA and BIP, then its time to write IEP Goals for behaviors. Write your goals positively as much as possible. Name the replacement behavior. Instead of writing Zachary will not hit his neighbors write Zachary will keep hands and feet to himself.Avoid preachy, values freighted words, especially responsible and accountable. When discussing with the student why feel free to use these words, such as Lucy, Im so happy youre being responsible for your temper. You used your words instead!! But goals should read: Lucy will present a card cue when she needs a time out to cool off 80 percent of the day (interval objective.) There are basically two kinds of objectives as noted above: interval and frequency goals. Interval goals are measured across intervals, and frequency goals measure the number of occurrences of a preferred or replacement behavior during a time period.The goal of behavior goals should be to extinguish, or eliminate, undesirable behavior and replace it with appropriate, productive behavior. Focusing on the target behavior may reinforce it. Focusing on the replacement behavior should help to extinguish the behavior.Problem behavior is not usually the result of reflective, thoughtful choices. It is usually emotional and has been learned by being rewarded. That doesnt mean you shouldnt talk about it, talk about the replacement behavior and talk about the emotional content of good behavior. It just doesnt belong in an IEP.There is no such thing as an attitude goal. Lets face it, weve all known kids who were nasty, negative or unpleasant, but we need to remember that attitude follows behavior. Once you have success, you can build a positive relationship. You cant dictate right attitude. You can model it. Kinds of Behavioral Goal Goals for Disruptive Behavior:Disruptive behavior is generally out of seat behavior, calling out behavior, and attention seeking behavior. Generally, the function of this sort of behavior is attention, though children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) often do it because, well, thats who they are!ExamplesGoal for Out of Seat: During instruction (a Color Wheel Behavior Plan would be good for clarity, here,)Susan will remain in her seat 80 percent (4 of 5) of half hour intervals, two of three consecutive 2 1/2 hour probes.Calling Out: During instructional periods, Jonathon will raise his hand 4 of 5 (80%) of in-class participation occasions for three of four consecutive 45-minute probes.Attention Seeking Behavior: These goals can only be written when you have a good, operational description of the replacement behavior you want. Angela will throw herself on the floor to get her teachers attention. The replacement behavior is for Angela to use a pre-determined cue (a red cup on top o f the desk) to get the teachers attention. The goal would read: Angela will remain in her seat and cue the teacher for attention with a pre-agreed signal.Goals for Academic BehaviorAcademic behavior is behavior that supports academic progress, such as completing work, returning homework and meeting certain standards for neatness. Be sure behaviors support the childs progress, not your need for certain kinds of academic behaviors. Many of those things should be addressed under the rubric procedures.Completion of Assignments When given adapted math assignments of 10 or fewer problems, Rodney will finish 80% of assignments 2 out of 3 consecutive weeks.Homework: The behavior surrounding homework is composed of several component parts: recording assignments, doing the assignments at home, turning the assignment in. One adaptation for homework, especially for children with Aspergers syndrome would be to do 30 minutes of homework, ask the parents to time the work section and initial it. Th e behavior surrounding homework is really only important in supporting the purpose of the homework: to practice and review instruction.Assignment Book: Louis will correctly record 80% of daily assignments for five daily classes (4 of 5) and get the assignment book signed by the teacher 3 of 4 consecutive weeks.Doing Homework: Melissa will complete 45 minutes of homework as recorded by parents, 3 of 4 nights a week, 2 of 3 consecutive weeks.Turning in Homework: Given daily homework assignments 4 of 5 nights a week, Gary will place completed work in a folder in the homework box on the ​teachers desk, 3 of 4 days (75%) for 3 of 4 consecutive weeks.Tantrumming: Tantrumming is often more than one behavior, and you need to decide at what point intervention will eliminate the tantrum. A functional analysis is vital: what functional purpose does the tantrum serve? To avoid work? To avoid certain tasks or situations? Maybe you just need to change how work demands are made and how choi ces are proffered to the child. To get preferred item? Because the child is overtired and needs to escape all demands? Knowing the function of the behavior and the childs preferences can avoid a lot of tantrums. Our imaginary student, Cloe, tends to tantrum when she overly tired. The replacement behavior is to ask for a break/rest, where the classroom aide will place Cloe on her side on a mat, with her head elevatedWhen Cloe is tired, she will present the teacher or classroom aide with the picture exchange card for a break, 4 of 5 episodes (4 requests for each tantrum) or 80% of occasions, 3 of 4 weeks.